Is there a way to install the astroprint server onto a full desktop computer? Can I get a linux application for the desktop?
This is currently not supported. One of our focus areas is to free your PC. Having said that our project is open source at https://github.com/AstroPrint/astrobox we welcome contributions 
I have a dedicated pc that I would like to control that is running linux. Can the files for the pcduino or the pi be changed to work on a linux pc? Or there an application that I can install on my dedicated machine?
How would I download the github files as a debian package, so that I can install it?